Nathair_Insint
Great questions!
First of all, question marks and exclamation marks do go inside the quotation marks if they are being said. They only exist outside of them if they are not a part of the dialogue.
I’ll use your example:
“I hate you!” she screamed.
Later, if someone is talking about “her”:
“Did you hear that she said, ‘I hate you!’?”
Or you could do it like this:
Didn’t she say, “I hate you!”?
That is grammatically correct. Note that the single quotes in the first example contain only the direct quote. It uses single quotes because it is inside another quote for dialogue. The question mark is not a part of the quote, so it moves outside. The second example only has one set of quotes, so they are double quotes. Still, the question mark is outside of the quotes.
Here is another example that doesn’t have an exclamation point.
Aren’t you mad that she said, “I hate you”?
In this example I am asking a question, but the quote doesn’t include a question. The quotation marks omit the period because it isn’t necessary to convey meaning, and the question mark is outside.
In a story you hardly ever see this happen because the narrator hardly ever asks questions about character quotes. If you are writing a story, it’s safe to assume the exclamation or question mark goes inside the quotes with the character dialogue.
As for showing thoughts in your work, italics in the technically correct way to do it. You would put the thought in italic font, followed by a comma and thought tag. It would look like this (note that I’m putting the italicized words in parenthesis because I can’t do italics on my phone):
(Wow, that looks delicious), he thought.
There is, technically, a way to do internal dialogue as well. Internal dialogue would be the character talking to themself internally. It also uses regular double quotes. This is tricky because it can be extremely confusing if you have both external dialogue and internal dialogue. Basically, you are only supposed to include one at a time. It would require you to setup the whole scene as the character having an “internal conversation” like a monologue or aside in a play. That way it is clear that all conversation in the entire scene is internal dialogue.
In my opinion, you shouldn’t need to include that many thoughts in your fiction writing. If your characters feel something, then it should influence their behavior. Show us the behavior and let us assume the feelings. This is part of “showing vs telling” in a story. In particular, you should never include thoughts of a character who isn’t the point of view character because it breaks the narrative. An example is below:
(I’m scared), Tina thought. As we walked through a dark forest
Tinas eyes darted from side to side, trying to see what was hiding in the forest beyond the light of the torch. She started trembling.